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Nubians Total population 1.7 million speakers of ( estimate as of 1996) Regions with significant populations Languages (,,,, ), (,, ) Religion Predominantly (, ) Related ethnic groups,,, Nubians ( ) are an ethnolinguistic group of indigenous to present-day and southern who originate from the early inhabitants of the central valley, believed to be one of the earliest. They speak, part of the. Early settlements from have been found in the central Nubian region dating back to 7000 BC, with believed to be the oldest settlement in the central Nile valley. Parts of, such as (the first or administrative region of ), were continuously a part of throughout the dynastic era. Other parts of Nubia, particularly or, were at times a part of ancient Pharaonic Egypt and at other times a rival state representing parts of or the. However, by the, all of Nubia was united with Egypt, extending down to what is now. Towards the end of the dynastic era, Upper Nubia broke off from Egypt proper.

During that time, the Nubians founded a dynasty that ruled Upper and Lower Egypt in the eighth century BC. As warriors, the ancient Nubians were famous for their skill and precision with the. In the the Nubians converted to and established three kingdoms: in the north, in the center and in the south.

Today, Africans of Nubian descent primarily live in southern Egypt, especially in the and area, and in northern Sudan, particularly in the region between the city of on the Egyptian-Sudanese border. Additionally, several groups known as the live in the northern in state, Sudan. The main Nubian groups from north to south are the Halfaweyen, Sikut,. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Etymology [ ] Throughout history various parts of were known by different names, including: tꜣ stj 'Land of the Bow', tꜣ nḥsj, jꜣm ', jrṯt, sṯjw, wꜣwꜣt,: akin(e) «Lower 'Nubia'» and qes(a), qos(a) 'Kush',. The origin of the names Nubia and Nubian are contested.

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What is more certain is that they ultimately denote geographical provenance rather than ethnic origin. Based on cultural traits, many scholars believe Nubia is derived from the: nbw 'gold'. The used the term 'Nubia' to describe the area of and northern. Another etymology traces the toponym to a distinct group of people, the Noubai, who in more recent times inhabited the area that would become known as Nubia. The derivation of the term 'Nubian' has also been associated with the Greek historian, who referred to the Nubas people.

A Nubian woman circa 1900 Modern Nubians speak, that is part of the. The is attested from the 8th century, and is the oldest recorded outside of the Afroasiatic family. It was the language of the nomads who occupied the Nile between the First and Third and also of the Makorae nomads who occupied the land between the Third and Fourth Cataracts, following the collapse of the sometime in the fourth century. The Makorae were a separate tribe who eventually conquered or inherited the lands of the Noba: they established a -influenced state called the Makuria, which administered the Noba lands separately as the of Nobatia. Nobadia was converted to by the Orthodox priest Julian and Bishop Longinus of Constantinople, and thereafter received its bishops from the.

Nubia consisted of four regions with varied agriculture and landscapes. The Nile river and its valley were found in the north and central parts of Nubia, allowing farming using irrigation. The western Sudan had a mixture of peasant agriculture and nomadism. Eastern Sudan had primarily nomadism, with a few areas of irrigation and agriculture. Finally, there was the fertile pastoral region of the south, where Nubia's larger agricultural communities were located. Nubia was dominated by kings from clans that controlled the gold mines. Trade in exotic goods from other parts of Africa (ivory, animal skins) passed to Egypt through Nubia.

Language [ ] Modern Nubians speak. It belongs to the of the. Linguistic evidence also strongly indicates that were spoken in Lower, an ancient region which straddles present day Southern and Northern, before the arrival of North Eastern Sudanic languages in the Middle Nile Valley.

Before the arrival of the first Nubian speakers, languages from the family are believed to have been spoken by the early inhabitants of the Nubia region. According to Peter Behrens (1981) and Marianne Bechaus-Gerst (2000), linguistic evidence indicates that the ancient peoples of the and civilizations spoke Afroasiatic languages of the and branches, respectively.